In the two notes that precede the last days of March 26 and April 16, we point out a set of historical cuts for the modest history of the body that we have written and now we review, in the following items: 1) The transit of theurgical medicine to rational medicine: the body uncovered (12th century ac /century ac); 2) Traffic to surgical medicine: the body acquaintance (VC/year 1500); 3) Traffic to scientific medicine: the body anatomized (year 1500/year 1800); 4) Traffic to experimental medicine: the body experienced (year 1800/year 1900); 5) Traffic to cell medicine: the body instrumentalized (year 1900/1950); 6) Traffic to biochemical medicine: the body implosed (year 1950/year 2010) and 7) Traffic to bionic/molecular medicine: the body mestized y improved (year 2010/future).
The bare body (12th century ac/century ac)
The medical practice in Homeric Antiquity was fulfilled with the patient’s intervention before the Oracle of Delphi. There was a synthesis of the figure of the priestess-Issuke-who spoke to a ‘medical-priest’ who went into a trance, and under such shock became a spokesman for the word of Asclepio, providing the therapeutic orientations to be followed.
The pagan practices of medicine, date back to the nineteenth century, according to Homer and Hesiod, especially in the Iliad y Odyssey. From these readings, it turns out that the Greek gods had enough power to cause diseases to people and trigger epidemics and collective deaths.
In the Iliad There is a development linked to the cure of wounds in charge of doctors who accompanied the army; Being the most important Macaón, son of Asclepio. The latter had been educated by the Centaur Quirón – health sections – for the delivery he made, his father Apollo.
This is magical medicine, and its central registration is the concept of the action and result of the will of the gods about the execution and result of the things that men do: approved or disapproved and depending on this, they reward or punish them. It is also known as “theurgical medicine.”
On the seventh century, there will be a central civilizational transformation, and is appointed as the passage of myth to the logos and where the principle of things will not be undetermined, but will be resolved from reason, from the “logos”; And it is the question for the “ArJ “ or beginning.
The presocratic cosmologists recognized in a physical nature what was the beginning, like this: water, air or the indefinite. Together with this step from myth to the Logos, Medicine begins a removal of theurgical construction to the “rational medicine”, embodied by Hippocrates (460 AC/370 AC) and that will demand several centuries for consolidation.
Medicine will be rational because in the same way that there is a “physis” that orders the cosmos, it is also applicable to human nature and therefore, there was no reason for people’s health and disease, they were not considered in the key to the key of the logos And with that, abandon theurgical medicine.
The “Physis” materializes due to four active elements identified with the dry, humid, hot and cold. Thus and following Agrigento Empédocles (495 AC/435 BC), the entire cosmos and man is composed of four elements that meet for attraction or repulsion in different proportions and are: fire, air, earth and water. Balance will be the order in the universe and health in man, its imbalance will be chaos in nature and disease. This will allow Hippocrates to generate his theory of the four moods, which is recognized as the first human physiology.
For hypocratics, the disease was a humoral imbalance, the five senses had to be placed to know how it occurred, so, the observation of the patient was central, noting the body’s temperature, the aspects of the face, warning how the breathing was fulfilled, the tone of the skin in the way it was maintained, testing the urine, sweat, the tears, smelling the feces of the sick. As can be seen, the rationality of the philosopher-medical led him to power ‘discover’ The patient’s body for its effects and consequences and not its causes and their professional work, was to organize very moderate therapy and almost zero physical invasion, except bleeding or make abscesses.
Hypocratic therapy, supposes the intake of infusions or use of ointments or ointments, which make some substance in excess be lost, or the strength to maintain it. In hypocratic rational medicine, there is a condition of respect-how sacred-to the body of the sick man and the function of the philosopher-medical is never, go beyond nature.
The known body (5th century 1500)
It is an extensive period with submoments, which we will not consider, to keep the central presentation. The first of those submoments is between the fourth century and the first century; It is when the body will begin to know, Although only phenomenally, explaining by which certain nosological events happened. The observation was so attentive and meticulous and most of the time so successful in its diagnosis as the descriptions of diseases, symptoms and signs in the body of the patients performed with wisdom of judgment and attention and were used until the fifteenth century without difficulty, the hypocratic texts with the improvements that Aurelio Cornelio Celso (25 AC-50) or galen would have to perform.
The second submoment It is fulfilled by Alejandrina medicine, under the empire of Alexander the Great (336 AC/ 30 AC). Alexandria will become the center of civilization and culture. The doctors ceased to be observers of the disease, and gave a turn in anatomical and physiological training.
This submoment is atypical, since for a short time, the metric of the knowledge of the body will be overcome and episodes that advance centuries are produced the future -anatomizing the body-, but they have no continuity. This is how, they move away from the concept of an invasive medicine to rehearse the dissections of the human body, fulfilled by the Herophil of Chalcedon (335 AC-280 AC) to whom the story remembers it as the first anatomist, it lasted a few centuries where the doctors met the body inside.
The third of the submoments It is related when the migrate civilizational center from Alexandria to Rome and there, a medical polite and student named Claudio Galeno (130-200) will stand out, who in order in order to interest in anatomy and complete skeleton, took distance from the same Hippocrates, although he was continuing the theory of humors. For this purpose, as corpses could not be used, it used monkeys. Galen acquired a great prestige that lasted for 15 centuries.
Then, for an extensive period of the Middle Ages -I continue V/XV -, the medical practice that had reached with the hypocratics an excellent theoretical basis and with the Alexandrians a deep recognition of the human body and with the Romans a first deep anatomical knowledge, will enter a period of a certain letters, which will begin to be surpassed, just after the eleventh century, and very locally by the medical movement of the school of School of Salerno.
All this, forms a fourth submoment, qualifiable as of ‘quasi-technical’ medicine, since it was governed by the theory of Christian philosophical mysticism and that it can be summarized that the salvation of the soul is compatible with the health of the body and therefore the greatest development of the Christian faith, results in a better health. Medicine decays and there is no concern for diseases, since they have an intimate link with punishment and sin. The medical function begins to be replaced by monks in monasteries with low professional training for such work, confusing medicine as a trade of charity.
Finally a fifth submoment and that must be indicated, as the bridge that opens to the great subsequent transformations. They begin to develop at the Salerno school, concerns about human nature and not only for eternal salvation and thus, the path for the generation of universities emerges naturally. From it it is collected, its open and non -dogmatic character, open to the study by women; In the same way, an orientation to the technification of medicine and the conversion generated from the Medical Ars.
From there, there will begin to attention to surgery that had been despised as well as anatomy, all, accompanied by innumerable recovery of Greek and Arab texts. Among the great surgeons and anatomists are: Henri de Mondeville (1260-1320), Guillermo de Saliceto (1210-1280), although the most important was Mondino de Luzzi (1275-1326).
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