Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that maintains that the morally correct action is that which produces the greatest well-being or happiness for the greatest number of people. This ethical current focuses on the consequences of actions and seeks to maximize utility, understood as the balance of pleasure over pain or suffering.
The fundamental idea of utilitarianism is that human well-being is the supreme value and that all actions must be evaluated in terms of their ability to increase this well-being. For utilitarians, morality is based on utility and the maximization of happiness at both the individual and collective levels.
There are various variants of utilitarianism, among which the following stand out:
Classical Utilitarianism: Associated primarily with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, holds that the amount of pleasure or happiness produced by an action is what determines its morality. Bentham introduced the principle of “general happiness”, while Mill expanded this concept and related it to the quality of pleasures.
Rule Utilitarianism: Proposes that instead of evaluating each action individually, general rules should be followed that maximize long-term happiness. This version of utilitarianism seeks to promote social stability and avoid the negative consequences of making decisions based solely on the particular circumstances of each case.
Negative utilitarianism: Argues that the minimization of suffering or pain takes priority over the maximization of pleasure or happiness. It focuses on avoiding harm and suffering rather than actively seeking well-being.
Utilitarianism has been the subject of numerous criticisms and philosophical debates. Some question the possibility of measuring and comparing human well-being, while others point out that this theory can lead to morally questionable results, such as the violation of individual rights for the sake of collective well-being. Despite this, utilitarianism remains one of the most influential ethical theories in contemporary moral philosophy.
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